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Lee Hoesung
Lee Hoesung〔Preferred spelling in English. See 〕 is a Zainichi Korean novelist in Japan. In 1972, he became the first ethnic Korean to win the Akutagawa Prize. Other representative works of his include ''Mihatenu Yume'' (見果てぬ夢; ''Unfulfilled Dream'') and ''Hyakunenno tabibitotachi'' (百年の旅人たち; ''Travellers of a Hundred Years'').
==Biography==
Lee was born in 1935 to Korean immigrant parents in Maoka, Karafuto Prefecture (the southern half of modern-day Sakhalin), and lived there until age 10. After the surrender of Japan which ended World War II, Lee's family, having gotten mixed in with Japanese settlers, escaped from the advancing Soviet troops and fled Karafuto. They went as far as the Ōmura detention camp, a processing center for migrants repatriating from former territories of the Empire of Japan,〔For general information about the detention camps, see 〕 but finding themselves unable to return to Korea as they had planned, they settled down in Sapporo, Hokkaidō. At that time, Lee's older sister had been left behind in Karafuto; in his later works, he describes the traumatic impression this left on him. From Sapporo's West High School, Lee advanced to Tokyo's Waseda University, where he studied literature. While there, he was active in exchange student activities. After graduation, he first aimed at creative work in Korean, but then decided to become active in Japanese instead. He was also employed at the ''Chōsen Shinpō'', a Korean newspaper run by pro-North Korea ethnic activist group Chongryon, but afterwards separated himself from them, and 1969, having been awarded the Gunzou Prize for New Writers for ''Kinuta wo utsu onna'', threw himself into the literary world. ''Kinuta wo utsu onna'' was notable at the time for its sporadic use of Korean words.
In 1970, he secretly visited South Korea, and went again after winning the Akutagawa Prize in 1972. At that time, he held North Korean nationality. Afterwards, due to the problem of his nationality, he was refused a visa several times by the South Korean government, and it would be until November 1995 before he was granted permission to enter again. However, in 1998, with the start of Kim Dae-jung's Sunshine Policy, he was able to obtain South Korean citizenship. He was later criticised by fellow zainichi writer Gim Seok-beom (金石範) for his comments about the democratization of South Korea and his naturalization as a South Korean, over which the two had a vigorous debate in magazines.
On the problem of North Korean abductions of Japanese, Lee has stated: "The confession of Kim Jong-il, who apologised for his errors, should be accepted by Japanese people in the spirit of historical consciousness and the peace constitution."〔「過ちを認め謝罪した金正日の告白を、日本人は歴史認識と平和憲法の精神で受け入れるべき」. Tokyo News (東京新聞)〕
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